Artificial Intelligence

Aritificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of science dealing with simulation and implementation of humman intelligence on a computer or we can say AI means automatic thinking/working of computer i.e. that computer can think/work itself not by the computer operator command. Most people think computers will never be able to think. To be sure, most people also agree that computer can do many things that a person would have to be thinking to do. Then how could a machine seem to think but not actually think? Well, setting aside the question of what thinking actually is, I think that most of us would answer that by saying that in this case, what the computer is doing is merely a superficial imitation of human intelligence. It has been designed to obey certain simple commands, and then it has been provided with programs composed of those commands. Because of this, the computer has to obey those commands, but without any idea of what's happening.

When computers first appeared, most of their designers intended them for nothing only to do huge, mindless computations. That's why these machines were called "computers". Yet even then, a few pioneers envisioned what's now called "Artificial Intelligence?or "AI". They saw that computers might possibly go beyond arithmetic, and maybe imitate the processes that go on inside human brains. Yet still, "computer experts" say machines will never really think. If so, how could they be so smart, and yet so dumb?

Most ordinary computer programs do just the things they're programmed for. Some AI programs are more flexible; when anything goes wrong, they can back up to some previous decision and try something else. To make them really smart, we'll have to make them more reflective. Most people assume that computers can't be conscious, or self-aware; at best they can only simulate the appearance of this. Of course, this assumes that we, as humans, are self-aware. But are we? I think not. It is too easy to say things like, "Computer can't do anything like humans (in daily life), because they have no feelings, or thoughts". But here's a way to turn such sayings into foolishness by saying that like this: "Computer can't do anything like humans, because all they can do is execute incredibly intricate processes, perhaps millions at a time".

Here the question arises can we make computers understandable what we tell them? In 1965, Daniel Bobrow wrote one of the first Rule-Based Expert Systems. It was called "STUDENT" and it was able to solve a variety of high-school algebra "word problems", like these: nn? The distance from New York to Los Angeles is 3000 miles. If the average speed of a jet plane is 600 miles per hour, find the time it takes to travel from New York to Los Angeles by jet. nn? Bill's father's uncle is twice as old as Bill's father. After two years from now Bill's father will be three times as old as Bill. The sum of their ages is 92. Find Bill's age.

Most students find these problems much harder than just solving the formal equations of high school algebra. But to solve the informal word problems, you have to figure out what equations to solve and, to do that, you must understand what the words and sentences mean. Did STUDENT understand? It used a lot of tricks. It was programmed to guess that "is" usually means "equals". It didn't even try to figure out what "Bill's fathers' uncle" means it only noticed that this phrase resembles "Bill's father". It didn't know that "age" and "old" refer to time, but it took them to represent numbers to be put in equations. With a couple of hundred such words, tricks and facts STUDENT sometimes managed to get the right answers. Then with dare we say that STUDENT "understands" those words and equations.

We have to be careful about that to achieve a human intelligence, but we don't have to create a human being. There are a few labs all over the world that are involved in trying to create a human being, each with its own objective. You would imagine that it would be great to have a human clone in a robot form, for we would then be able to carry out experiments that seem impossible right now. We could send a man to the moon, to the space, to the greatest depths of the ocean or to the top the highest mountains. All of this has been done to a certain degree of success with robots but it might be easier and more successful if our robots had an intelligence that was closer to the intelligence human beings have and if they were more prepared to deal with unexpected situations. Robotics is mixture of Mechanical Engineering and AI. The movie T2 (Terminator-2) was based on a far-fetched story of computers being able to take over the world. If we are creating a robot with intelligence, we are in essence creating some form of life. We could compare this intelligent computer to a living being, especially if we are trying to emulate humans by creating humanoid robots or even robots that are as intelligent as humans. If these intelligent creations were to become more intelligent than human beings in every way, then it would be possible to for the robots to over throw human beings as the rulers of this earth. nnn