Collections in Java are used in almost every application. Java Collections Framework is one of the core part of Java programming language.rnWhat is Java Collections Framework?rnCollections are like containers that groups multiple items in a single unit. For example; a jar of chocolates, list of names etc. Collections are used almost in every programming language and when Java arrived, it also came with few Collection classes; Vector, Stack, Hashtable, Array. Java 1.2 provided Collections Framework that is architecture to represent and manipulate Collections in java in a standard way. Java Collections Framework consists of following parts:
• Interfaces: Java Collections Framework interfaces provides the abstract data type to represent collection. java.util.Collection is the root interface of Collections Framework. It is on the top of Collections framework hierarchy. It contains some important methods such as size(), iterator(), add(), remove(), clear() that every Collection class must implement. Some other important interfaces are java.util.List, java.util.Set, java.util.Queue and java.util.Map. Map is the only interface that doesn’t inherits from Collection interface but it’s part of Collections framework. All the collections framework interfaces are present in java.util package.
• Implementation Classes: Collections in Java provides core implementation classes for collections. We can use them to create different types of collections in java program. Some important collection classes are ArrayList, LinkedList, HashMap, TreeMap, HashSet, TreeSet.These classes solve most of our programming needs but if we need some special collection class, we can extend them to create our custom collection class.rnJava 1.5 came up with thread-safe collection classes that allowed to modify Collections while iterating over it, some of them are CopyOnWriteArrayList, ConcurrentHashMap, CopyOnWriteArraySet. These classes are in java.util.concurrent package. All the collection classes are present in java.util and java.util.concurrent package.
• Algorithms: Algorithms are useful methods to provide some common functionalities, for example searching, sorting and shuffling.
Benefits of Java Collections FrameworkrnJava Collections framework have following benefits:
• Reduced Development Effort – It comes with almost all common types of collections and useful methods to iterate and manipulate the data. So we can concentrate more on business logic rather than designing our collection APIs.
• Increased Quality – Using core collection classes that are well tested increases our program quality rather than using any home developed data structure.
• Reusability and Interoperabilityrn• Reduce effort – to learn any new API if we use core collection API classes.rnJava Collections InterfacesrnJava collection interfaces are the foundation of the Java Collections Framework. Note that all the core collection interfaces are generic; for example public interface Collection. The syntax is for Generics and when we declare Collection, we should use it to specify the type of Object it can contain. It helps in reducing run-time errors by type-checking the Objects at compile-time.rnTo keep the number of core collection interfaces manageable, the Java platform doesn’t provide separate interfaces for each variant of each collection type. If an unsupported operation is invoked, a collection implementation throws an UnsupportedOperationException.rnCollection InterfacernThis is the root of the collection hierarchy. A collection represents a group of objects known as its elements. The Java platform doesn’t provide any direct implementations of this interface.rnIterator InterfacernIterator interface provides methods to iterate over any Collection. We can get iterator instance from a Collection using iterator method. Iterator takes the place of Enumeration in the Java Collections Framework. Iterators allow the caller to remove elements from the underlying collection during the iteration. Iterators in collection classes implement Iterator Design Pattern.rnSet InterfacernSet is a collection that cannot contain duplicate elements. This interface models the mathematical set abstraction and is used to represent sets, such as the deck of cards.rnThe Java platform contains three general-purpose Set implementations: HashSet, TreeSet, and LinkedHashSet. Set interface doesn’t allow random-access to an element in the Collection. You can use iterator or foreach loop to traverse the elements of a Set.rnList InterfacernList is an ordered collection and can contain duplicate elements. You can access any element from it’s index. List is more like array with dynamic length. List is one of the most used Collection type. ArrayList and LinkedList are implementation classes of List interface.rnList interface provides useful methods to add an element at specific index, remove/replace element based on index and to get a sub-list using index.rnQueue InterfacernQueue is a collection used to hold multiple elements prior to processing. Besides basic Collection operations, a Queue provides additional insertion, extraction, and inspection operations.rnDequeue InterfacernA linear collection that supports element insertion and removal at both ends. The name deque is short for “double ended queue” and is usually pronounced “deck”. Most Deque implementations place no fixed limits on the number of elements they may contain, but this interface supports capacity-restricted deques as well as those with no fixed size limit.rnMap InterfacernJava Map is an object that maps keys to values. A map cannot contain duplicate keys: Each key can map to at most one value.rnThe Java platform contains three general-purpose Map implementations: HashMap, TreeMap, and LinkedHashMap.rnThe basic operations of Map are put, get, containsKey, containsValue, size, and isEmpty.rnListIterator InterfacernAn iterator for lists that allows the programmer to traverse the list in either direction, modify the list during iteration, and obtain the iterator’s current position in the list.rnSortedSet InterfacernSortedSet is a Set that maintains its elements in ascending order. Several additional operations are provided to take advantage of the ordering. Sorted sets are used for naturally ordered sets, such as word lists and membership rolls.rnSortedMap InterfacernMap that maintains its mappings in ascending key order. This is the Map analog of SortedSet. Sorted maps are used for naturally ordered collections of key/value pairs, such as dictionaries and telephone directories.