Metabolic system

Reactions in which the basic building blocks that are mostly taken with food synthesize molecules that build up our body are called anabolic reactions. Reactions in which the energy of decomposition of food you get is used for getting energy for cells, tissues, organs and whole body are called catabolic reactions.
Food as a source of energy - Basic nutritional substances necessary to all cells of the body are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins and water .. After digestion of these substances travel through the intestinal mucosa, in the blood and lymph through the cell membrane decomposed into simpler building units: monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol. Energy value of food is measured by calorimeter or a bomb calorimeter. Dried chopped food sample is burned in the presence of oxygen to ashes. heat of the burning food sample is calculated in joules.

Basal metabolism - the energy expended while the body completely still or sleep. This is the amount of energy the body uses for maintain vital functions, thyroid hormones play an important role in the Basal metabolism (thyroxine and triiodothyronine), pituitary (growth hormone) and sex hormones. Increased levels of these hormones in the blood increases the basal metabolism. Obesity - excess fat in particular burdens the heart and circulatory system. Causes weakening of the physiological capabilities of most organs, with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, stroke, liver disease, diabetes, etc. In the course of pregnancy proteins should be from plant and animal origin. Animal protein's contain essential amino acids, such as those amino acids that can not be synthesized by man himself. Are essential to the other molecules of different proteins in our body. Without them, the results are defective proteins.
The need for irons and vitamins - Iron deficiency causes anemia, iodine deficiency causes goitre, calcium deficiency rickets. In addition of sodium, potassium and chlorine other ions are required - magnesium, koblat, manganese, bromine, selenium, zinc, aluminum, nickel, etc. Vitamins are biological regulators for chemical reaction changes of substances in the body. Lack of vitamins in the body are called Hypovitaminosis and Deficiency - deficiency disease. Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness and skin changes, a lack of vitami
B-complex casuse metabolic disorders and changes (beri-beri, pellagra, dermatitis, anemia, sickle, etc.). Lack of vitami
C -> scurvy; If missing vitami
D, rickets. Vitamin E is important in the maintaining the physiological activity of sex glands.

Reglation of sugar in blood - Monosaccharides, particularly glucose, are a major source of energy in the cell. K hexose molecules are too large to be passed by diffusion through cell membranes, a specific transporter helps them transport as it activates the pancreatic hormone insulin. Without insulin glucose transport is impossible in the most cells of the body, so glucose builds up and lag behind in the blood - hyperglycemia. Normal concentration glucose in blood was 5.55 mmol / L. For the body is a state of reduced levels of glucose and hyperglycemia is harmful because the cells get less than the required amount of glucose. The breakdown of glycogen is stimulated by hormone glucagon from the pancreas and adrenal hormone epinephrine marrow. Adrenalin is relieved in the blood under the action of the nervous system (eg stress).In the fear It will be released in the blood from the adrenal glands, larger amounts of adrenaline will cause degradation of glycogen in the glucose and thus produce additional amounts of glucose that the organism under stress rapidly get. K resynthesis of amino acids in the fats and sugars also stimulate hormones. These are the glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex, and thyroxine from the thyroid.