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What is Embedded System An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system, which is completely encapsulated by the device it controls. An embedded system has specific requirements and performs pre-defined tasks, unlike a general-purpose personal computer. An embedded system is a programmed hardware device. A programmable hardware chip is the 'raw material' and it is programmed with particular applications. This is to be understood in comparison to older systems with full functional hardware or systems with general purpose hardware and externally loaded software. Embedded systems are a combination of hardware and software which facilitates mass production and variety of application A combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a dedicated function. In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger system or product, as in the case of an anti lock braking system in a car. EMBEDDED SYSTEM is a combination of SOFTWARE and HARDWARE.rnAn Embedded system is a system, that has a computing device embedded into it.rnThese are the controllers, processors, arrays or other hardware using dedicated (embedded) logic or programming (code) called “firmware” or a “microkernelrnEmbedded systems are designed around a µC which integrates Memory & Peripherals Embedded systems: What are they? A special purpose computer built into a larger devicern • ‘Special-purpose’: Embedded systems have a (more or less) well-defined purpose Contrast with: general purpose computers (PCs etc) • ‘Built into a larger device’: Embedded systems are (usually) part of a larger device, augmenting its capabilities WHY EMBEDDED SYSTEMS It is EMBEDDED because the Micro Controller is ‘inside’ some other system. For Example a Micro Controller is ‘EMBEDDED’ into your TV, car, or appliance. The consumer need not think about how to make it perform or processrnAvoids lots of Electronics ComponentsrnBuilt in rich FeaturesrnReduces the cost, spacernLess Down Time for MaintenancernProbability of Failure is reducedrnEasy interface with Computers CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM Sophisticated functionalityrnReal-Time OperationrnLow Manufacturing CostrnLow Power ConsumptionrnEliminates Necessity of Complex CircuitryrnSmarter Products rnSmaller SizernUser FriendlyrnState of the Art TechnologyrnFour General Embedded Systems Types General ComputingrnApplications similar to desktop computing, but in an embedded packagernVideo games, set- top boxes, wearable computers, automatic tellersrnControl SystemsrnClosed- loop feedback control of real- time systemrnVehicle engines, chemical processes, nuclear power, flight controlrnSignal ProcessingrnComputations involving large data streamsrnRadar, Sonar, video compressionrnCommunication & NetworkingrnSwitching and information transmissionrnTelephone system, Internet EMBEDDED SYSTEMS - EARLY HISTORY Late 1940’s: MIT Whirlwind computer was designed for real-time operations.rnOriginally designed to control an aircraft simulator.rnFirst microprocessor was Intel 4004 in early 1970’s.rnHP-35 calculator used several chips to implement a microprocessor in 1972.rnAutomobiles used microprocessor - based engine controllers starting in 1970’s.rnControl fuel/air mixture, engine timing, etc.rnMultiple modes of operation: warm-up, cruise, hill climbing, etc.rnProvides lower emissions, better fuel efficiency. FEATURES OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEMrnReal-Time OperationrnReactive: computations must occur in response to external eventsrnCorrectness is partially a function of time rnGeneral ComputingrnSmall Size, Low WeightrnHand- held electronics and Transportation applications -- weight costs moneyrnLow PowerrnBattery power for 8+ hours (laptops often last only 2 hours)rnHarsh environmentrnHeat, vibration, shock, power fluctuations, RF interference, lightning, corrosionrnSafety- critical operationrnMust function correctly and Must not function in correctlyrnExtreme cost sensitivityrn rnEMBEDDED SYSTEMS COMPONENTS MICRO CONTROLLERS (µC) rnMICRO PROCESSORS (µP)rnDIGITAL SIGNAL CONTROLLERS (DSC)rnDIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS (DSP)rnBUSSES (Data, Address, Input/output)rnSYSTEM CLOCK - Steps µC / µP Through Each InstructionrnREAD ONLY MEMORY (ROM): Permanently Loaded With Instructions (FIRMWARE)rnRANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)rnSTORES DATA IN PROCESSING / SHARES DATA WITH EXTERNAL PARTNERSrnREAL TIME CLOCK (RTC)rnCOMMUNICATIONS CIRCUITRY - Ethernet Port, Printer Port, Communications Port (RS232c, RS485, RS422, IEEE488) rnEXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Automatic Teller Machines or ATM's & Bank Vaults rnAutomotive & Automobile Engine Management systems: Electronic Dashboards, ABS brakes, transmission controls.rnBlue Tooth enabled Network Synchronization ApplicationsrnControl Systems (Manufacturing, Cryogenics, Electric Power) rnControls for Digital Equipment: CD Players, TV Remote, Programmable Sprinklers, Household Appliances, etc.rnComputer motherboards (BIOS chips, RTCs) rnGlobal Positioning and Navigation SystemsrnHousehold Appliances rnMedical instrument’s controls - CT scanners, MRI Scanners, ECG, Pacemakers and implanted pumps, implanted heart monitors, etc.rnSupervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systemsrnTelecommunications (Private Branch Exchanges, Custom Premises Equipment) EMBEDDED - DESIGN METHODOLOGIESrn rnA procedure for designing a systemrnUnderstanding your methodology helps you ensure you didn’t skip anything.rnCompilers, software engineering tools, computer-aided design (CAD) tools, etc., can be used to:rnhelp automate methodology steps;rnkeep track of the methodology itself. EMBEDDED – DESIGN GOALS Performance.rnOverall speed, deadlines.rnFunctionality and user interface.rnManufacturing cost.rnPower consumption.rnOther requirements (physical size, etc.) TYPICAL EMBEDDED SYSTEM HARDWARE COMMERCIAL OFF-THE-SHELF COMPONENTS (COTS) rne.g. wireless radios, sensors, I/O devices, –Cheap rnAPPLICATION-SPECIFIC ICS (ASICS) rnICs tailored to meet application needs, Good performance for their intended task(s), Original Ess were ASICs onlyrnDOMAIN-SPECIFIC PROCESSORSrnDSPs rnMicrocontrollersrnDigital Signal ControllersrnMicroprocessors EMBEDDED SYSTEMS MICROCONTROLLERSrn rnMicrocontroller is a highly integrated chip that contains all the components comprising a controller. rnTypically, this includes a CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers. A Microcontroller is designed for a very specific task – to control a particular system. rnAs a result, the parts can be simplified and reduced, which cuts down on production costs rnAtmel, Microchip – PIC, Maxim, Motorola, Renesas, Texas Instruments and many more. rnDigital Signal Controller: rnThe Digital Signal Controller (DSC) is a powerful 16-bit (data) modified Harvard RISC machine that combines the control advantages of a high performance 16-bit Microcontroller (MCU) with the high computation speed of a fully implemented digital signal processor (DSP) to produce a tightly coupled single-chip single-instruction stream solution for embedded systems design.rnMicrochip – dsPIC, Texas Instruments DSP and RTOSrn rnSpecialized digital microprocessor used to efficiently and rapidly perform calculations on digitized signals that were originally analog in form (eg voice)rnThe big advantage of DSP lies in the programmability of the processor, allowing parameters to be easily changedrnAnalog Devices, Texas Instruments VLSIrnVery large-scale integration, the process of placing thousands (or hundreds of thousands) of electronic components on a single chip. rnNearly all modern chips employ VLSI architectures, or ULSI (ultra large scale integration)rnAltera, Cypress, Cirrus Logic, Xilinx EMBEDDED SYSTEMS IN TODAY’S WORLD SIGNAL PROCESSING SYSTEMS - Real-Time Video, Set-top Boxes, DVD Players, Medical Equipment, Residential GatewaysrnDISTRIBUTED CONTROL - Network Routers, Switches, Firewalls, Mass Transit Systems, ElevatorsrnSMALL SYSTEMS - Mobile Phones, Pagers, Home Appliances, Toys, Smart Cards, MP3 players, PDAs, Digital Cameras, Sensors, Smart Badges BENEFITS OF EMBEDDED CONTROL DESIGN Eliminates necessity of complex circuitryrnSmarter productsrnSmaller sizernLower costrnUser friendlyrnState of the art technology FUTURE OF EMBEDDED CONTROL Intelligent products are used everyday - Mobile Phones, Printers, Washing Machines, Microwave Ovens, Water Purifier, Air Conditioners etc.rnNew generation Embedded Control will include Internet connectivity, RF controls & Blue Tooth.rnTHE JOB OPPORTUNITIES IN THE AREAS OF EMBEDDED CONTROL Hardware Design EngineerrnSoftware Design EngineerrnDevice Driver DeveloperrnKernel DeveloperrnNetwork EngineerrnRTOS ProgrammerrnSoftware Engineer in Research & Development COMPANIES ARE WORKING ON EMBEDDED SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS AXES technologiesrnCG SmithrnConverge LabsrnFuture SoftwarernIBMrnLUCENTrnMASCONrnSundaram TelematicsrnVisteonrnRobert BoschrnKshema Technologiesrn and so on… NEW TRENDS IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM H/W Systems-on-chip –Usual (or desired) specs:rn32-bit RISC CPUrnBuilt-in interfaces to RAM and ROMrnBuilt-in DMA, interrupt and timing controllersrnBuilt-in interfaces to disk or flash memoryrnBuilt-in Ethernet/802.11 interfacesrnBuilt-in LCD/CRT interfaces –New SOCs appearing almost every week!rnExamples – Intel StrongARM SA-1110, Motorola PowerPC MPC823e – NEC VR4181 Many, many more EMBEDDED SOFTWARE PROPERTIESrnTimelinessrnTime: systematically removed from theories of computationrnRTOSes often reduce the characterization of a task to a single number (its priority)rnBut: computation does take time: However, even with infinitely fast computers, time would still have to be dealt withrnPhysical processes evolve over timernNeed to find abstractions that regain control of time!rnConcurrencyrnIn the physical world, multiple things happen at oncernChallenge: reconcile sequentially of software with the concurrency of the real worldrnClassic approaches (semaphores, monitors etc) provide good foundation rnBut: potentially insufficientrnOne approach: compile concurrency away (Estrel)rnEstrel: synchronous/reactive language – FSM based, deterministic behaviorrnPros: Higly reliable programsrnCons: Too static for some systemsrnMiddle ground is neededrnLivenessrnPrograms must not terminate – Unlike the traditional Turing model of computation, halting is undesirable is an absolute ‘no- no’rnCorrectness isn’t just about getting the right final answer – Must consider things like timing, power consumption, fault recovery, security and robustnessrnInterfacesrnHeterogeneityrn